Government intervention in agricultural economics

Governments have employed various measures to maintain farm prices and incomes above what the market would otherwise have yielded. These have included tariffs or import levies, import quotas, export subsidies, direct payments to farmers, and limitations on production. Tariffs and import quotas can be effective only if a nation normally imports some of its supply. Export subsidies result in higher prices to domestic consumers than to foreign purchasers; their use requires control over imports to prevent foreign supplies from entering the domestic market and bringing prices down. Direct payments to farmers have been used to maintain prices to consumers at reasonable levels, while assuring farmers a return above world-market levels. Limitations on production, intended to reduce supply and thus increase prices, have been used mainly in Brazil (for coffee) and in the United States (for major crops).

The kidney removes wastes from the body by separating them from the blood and forming urine. In this process many substances are  ….
Some physiological  characteristics, such as the mechanisms that regulate the acidity of the blood or its sugar level, are adequate ….
Progeria is an extremely rare disease of early childhood characterized by many of the superficial aspects of aging, such as ….
Agis IV was  born c. 263 BC and died 241 BC He was a Spartan king (244–241) who failed in his attempt to reform Sparta’s economic and political …..
The most outstanding psychological features of aging are the impairment in short-term memory and the lengthening of
Agis II was king of Sparta after about 427 BC who commanded all operations of the regular army during most of the ….
Agis III was a Spartan king from 338–331 who rebelled unsuccessfully against Alexander the Great. He died in 331 BC..
Agitprop,  abbreviated from Russian agitatsiya propaganda (agitation propaganda), is a  political strategy in which the techniques of agitation and propaganda ….
Aglauros, in Greek mythology, is the eldest daughter of the Athenian king Cecrops. Aglauros died with her sisters by leaping in fear ….
Agnano is a volcanic crater in  Napoli provincia, Campania regione,  southern Italy. It is situated in the Campi Flegrei  ….
Agnathan are any of the class Agnatha of primitive, jawless fishes that includes the lampreys and hagfishes (order Cyclostomata), as well …
Giovanni Agnelli was born on March 12th, 1921 in  Turin, Italy and died on January 24th, 2003 also in Turin …
Umberto Agnelli was born on November 1st, 1934 at Lausanne, Switzerland. he is an Italian automotive executive and grandson of Giovanni …
Agnes Of Poitou was born c. 1024 AD and died on  December 14th, 1077 in Rome [Italy]. She was also called …
Agnes Scott College is a private institution of higher education for women in Decatur, Georgia, U.S. A liberal arts college allied ..
Saint Agnes flourished in the 4th century in  Rome,Italy. She was virgin and patron saint of girls, who is one of the most celebrated Roman martyrs. …
Maria Gaetana Agnesi was born on May 16th, 1718 in  Milan, Habsburg crown land [now in Italy] and died on January 9th 1799 also in Milan ….
Spiro T.Agnew was born on November 9th 1918 in Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A. and died on September 17th, 1996 at Berlin, Maryland. His full ….
Agni  (Sanskrit: “Fire”) is a fire-god of the Hindus, second only to Indra in the Vedic mythology of ancient India. He is equally the fire  ..
Shiv Narayan Agnihotri was born in 1850 nearKānpur inIndia and died in 1923 inLahore [now inPakistan]. He was the Hindu founder of an atheistic …..

Efforts to control prices and production in agricultural economics

In the past few decades governments have undertaken to control both prices and output in the agricultural sector, largely in response to the pressures of the farmers themselves. In the absence of such control, farm prices tend to fluctuate more than do most other prices, and the incomes of farmers fluctuate to an even greater degree. Not only are incomes in agriculture unstable, but they also tend to be lower than incomes in other economic sectors.

The instability of farm prices results from several factors. One is the relative slowness with which farmers are able to respond to changes in the demand for their product. Farmers generally must produce on the basis of expectations, and if their expectations turn out to be wrong, the resulting surplus or shortage cannot be corrected until the beginning of the next production cycle. Once a crop is planted, very little can be done to increase or decrease production in response to market prices. As long as prices cover current operating costs, such as the cost of harvesting, it pays farmers to carry through their production plans even if prices fall to a very low level. It is not unusual for the prices of particular farm products to vary by a third or a half from year to year. This extreme variability results from the relatively low responsiveness of demand to changes in price—i.e., from the fact that in order to increase sales by 5 percent it may be necessary to reduce the price by 15 percent.

The instability of farm prices is accompanied by instability of farm income. While gross income from agriculture generally does not vary as much as do individual farm prices, net income may vary more than prices. In modern agriculture costs tend to be relatively stable; the farmer is unable to compensate for a drop in prices by reducing his payments for machinery, fertilizer, or labour.

The incomes of farm workers are generally below those of other workers. There are two major reasons for this inequity. One is that in most economies the need for farm labour is declining, and each year large numbers of farm people, especially young ones, must leave their homes to seek jobs elsewhere. The difference in returns to labour is required to bring about this transfer of workers out of farming; if the transfer did not occur, farm incomes would be even more depressed. The second major reason for the income differences is that farm people generally have less education than do non-farm people and are able to earn less at non-farm jobs. The difference in education is of long standing and is found in all countries, developed and undeveloped; it also exists whether the national education system is highly decentralized, as in the United States, or highly centralized, as in France.

. Agasias flourished in the 1st century BC in  Ephesus [now in Turkey] . He was a sculptor of Ephesus, known for his “Borghese Warrior,” a statue of … And just see this  The Adelphi University is a private, co-educational Institution…Louis Agassiz was born on  May 28th, 1807 at Motier, Switzerland and died on  December 14th, 1873 in….. In 1846 Louis  Agassiz visited the United States for the general purpose of studying natural history and geology there but … Adelaer was born on December 16th 1622, in Brevik, Norway and died on November 5th, 1675, in Copenhagen, Denmark … The Adelaide River is a river in north-western Northern Territory, Australia, rising in the hills west of Brock’s …  Saint Adelaide was born in the year 931 and died on feast day December 16th 999 in Seltz, Alsace …  Adelantado (Spanish: “one who goes before”), is representative of the kings of Castile (Spain) who in the early European …. Adelard Of Bath flourished in the 12th century AD. He was an English Scholastic philosopher and early interpreter of Arabic scientific knowledge … The Adélie Coast, also called Adélie Land, is part of the coast of Wilkes Land in eastern Antarctica, extending from Claire Coast   …..  Adamsite is, in chemical warfare, a sneeze gas developed by the United States and used during World War I. Adamsite is an arsenical … George Ade was born on February 9th 1866 in Kentland, Indiana, U.S.A. and died on May 16th, 1944, in Brook, Indiana ….  Adela was born, it is thought, around the year 1062 and died in 1137 …..  Because  Louis Agassiz was beyond question one of the ablest, wisest, and best informed of the biologists …  Alexander Agassiz was born on December 17th, 1835 at  Neuchâtel in Switzerland. He died on March 27th, 1910, at sea ….  Elizabeth Cabot Agassiz was born on December 5th, 1822 in Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A. She died on June 27th, 1907 at Arlington Heights ….  Lake Agassiz is the largest of the ice-marginal lakes that once covered what are now parts of Manitoba, Ontario, and Saskatchewan in Canada ….  The Agate Fossil Beds National Monument is a natural “depository” of an extinct animal community on the Niobrara River in north-western Nebraska …..   Agateware, in pottery, is 18th-century ware of vari-coloured clay, with an overall marbled effect. It was sometimes called solid agate to distinguish … James Agate was born on September 9th, 1877 T  Pendleton in Lancashire, England. He died on June 6th, 1947 in London. He was ….…

Recent trends in agricultural economics

Crop yields have increased dramatically since 1950, with a faster rate of growth in the developing than in the developed countries. Most of this increased output has been due to gains in yields rather than to the expansion of cultivated land.

In Europe as well as in North and Central America, the total area under crops has declined; in South America it has increased by more than one-half and in Asia by more than one-third. The large increase in Oceania was due to immigration. The large decrease in Africa was due to a succession of droughts from the 1970s on.

Grain yields in the developed regions of the world have increased consistently over the past several decades. In the rest of the world the pre-World War II yields were not achieved again until the mid-1950s. The increases in grain production were more than twice as high in the developing as in the developed countries.

Food production and total agricultural production exhibit nearly identical trends, and changes in food production can be taken therefore as indicative of changes in total agricultural production. Food supplies per capita in developing countries have increased at nearly the same rate as in developed countries, indicating a narrowing gap between food supplies and population growth in the developing countries.

And more to read The Adangme  And here’s something to read  Michel Adanson  And here’s something to peruse  Adapa (0092 login) Agathias was born c. 536 AD in Myrina, Aeolis, Asia Minor and died c. 582 AD. He was a Byzantine poet and author of a history, covering part  …. And look at this  Adat is the name for the customary law   Moreover, take a look at this  Adaptation is,  in biology  And see this  Adat is the name for the customary   And more to look at  Kareen Fleur Adcock   And more to read  The Adda River And here’s something to read  Charles Addams   And here’s something to peruse  Jane Addams And look at this  Addax, (species Addax nasomaculatus), …. Moreover, take a look at this  the adder is any of several venomous snakes ….And see this Fleur Adcock  was born on February 10th 1934 in Papakura, New Zealand …  Addis Ababa, also spelled Addis Abeba, is the capital and largest city of Ethiopia. It is located on a well-watered plateau …And more to read  Addison is a county in western Vermont …. And here’s something to read  Christopher Addison was 1st Viscount, Baron Addison Of  Stallingborough … And here’s something to peruse   Addison Disease is also called hypocortisolism or chronic adrenal insufficiency And look at this   Joseph Addison was born on May 1st, 1672 in Milston, Wiltshire, England…… Moreover, take a look at this  Thomas Addison was born in April 1793 at Longbenton, Northumberland…. And see this   the-addition-reaction is any of a class of chemical reactions in which an  atom or group…..

Acadia National Park

The Acadia National Park is a national park on the Atlantic coast of Maine,U.S., astride Frenchman Bay. It has an area of 65 square miles (168 square km) and was originally established as Sieur de Monts National Monument (1916),  named for Pierre du Guast, sieur (lord) de Monts. It became the first national park in the eastern United States, as Lafayette National Park in 1919, and was renamed Acadia in 1929 to preserve the historic name given to the region by the De Monts Commission (which included Samuel de Champlain) in 1604.

Acadia National Park mainly comprises a rugged forested area on  Mount Desert Island, dominated by Cadillac Mountain (1,530 feet [466 metres])  and including Anemone Cave and Sieur de Monts Spring (site of the Nature Center and the Abbe Museum, which displays Indian artifacts). Other segments include half of Isle au Haut, with its spectacular cliffs, and the Schoodic Peninsula on the mainland. Situated at the crossroads of the northern and temperate zones, Acadia’s cold, shallow gulf environment has an abundance of marine life.

And here’s something to read   Hannah Adams  And here’s something to peruse  Henry Adams And look at this   Herbert Baxter Adams   Moreover, take a look at this  John Adams And see this  John Couch Adams And more to look at  John Quincy Adams  And more to read  Leonie  Adams And here’s something  to read   Louisa  Adams  And here’s something to peruse  Marian Adams And look at this   Maude  Adams Moreover, take a look at this  Robert Adams ….   Roger Adams was born on January 2nd, 1889 in Boston, USA and died on July 6th, 1971 in Champaign, Illinois, U.S.A.  …  Samuel Adams was born September 27th 1722 in Boston, USA and died on October 2nd, 1803 also in Boston …  Samuel Hopkins Adams was born on January 26th, 1871 at  Dunkirk, New York, U.S.A. He died on  November 15th, 1958 in Beaufort, South Carolina. …. Walter Adams was born on Decemer 20th 1876 in Syria. He died on May 11th, 1956 at  Pasadena, Calififornia, U.S.A. He was an  …  William Adams was born in 1564 at  Gillingham in Kent, England. He died on May 16th, 1620, in Japan. He was a navigator, merchant-a …………And look at this 0087 Adams, William Taylor    Moreover, take a look at this  Adana    Agarwālā  is an important mercantile caste in India, belonging to that group of merchants, bankers, landowners, and shopkeepers that are called Bania  … Joy and George Adamson were  wife-and-husband  conservationists who pioneered the movement to preserve African wildlife ……………..